Venoms are a complex cocktail of biologically active molecules, including peptides, proteins,
polyamide, and enzymes widely produced by venomous organisms. Through long-term …

Centipedes are one of the most ancient and successful living venomous animals. They have
evolved spooky venoms to deter predators or hunt prey, and are widely distributed …

Venoms have evolved over a hundred times in animals. Venom toxins are thought to evolve
mostly by recruitment of endogenous proteins with physiological functions. Here we report …

Venomous animals are a striking example of the convergent evolution of a complex trait.
These animals have independently evolved an apparatus that synthesizes, stores, and …

Venoms are primarily believed to evolve under strong diversifying selection resulting from
persistent coevolution between predator and prey. Recent research has challenged this …

In the animal kingdom, intraspecific variation occurs, for example, between populations,
different life stages, and sexes. For venomous animals, this can involve differences in their …

Research on centipede venoms has led to the discovery of a diverse array of novel proteins
and peptides, including those with homology to previously discovered toxin families (eg …

Gene duplication followed by nucleotide differentiation is one of the simplest mechanisms to
develop new functions for genes. However, the evolutionary processes underlying the …

Highlights•Transcriptome, proteome and bioinformatic analyses were performed on different
originated Mesobuthus martensii.•Most terms in GO and KEGG annotations were consistent …

Insect venom is a highly complex mixture of bioactive compounds, containing proteins,
peptides, and small molecules. Environmental factors can alter the venom composition and …