Although many insects successfully live in dangerous environments exposed to diverse
communities of microbes, they are often exploited and killed by specialist pathogens …

Pesticide exposure, infectious disease, and nutritional stress contribute to honey bee
mortality and a high rate of colony loss. This realization has fueled a decades-long …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and proteins are important components of innate immunity
against pathogens in insects. The production of AMPs is costly owing to resource-based …

Honey bee immune responses are composed of a complex suite of individual immune
mechanisms and special types of behavioral adaptations. The main focus of this paper is …

Parasites infect hosts non-randomly as genotypes of hosts vary in susceptibility to the same
genotypes of parasites, but this specificity may be modulated by environmental factors such …

The culture or wild capture of marine and freshwater shellfish, including crustaceans, is
without doubt a key source of protein for a burgeoning world population. Historically the …

Bumblebees are constantly exposed to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses which
they must defend themselves against to survive. Pathogens and pesticides represent …

Background Chronic infections can profoundly affect the physiology, behavior, fitness and
longevity of individuals, and may alter the organization and demography of social groups …

Bees are fundamentally important for pollination services and declines in populations could
have significant economic and environmental implications. Pesticide exposure and …

Mathematical models of the coevolutionary process have uncovered consequences of host-
parasite interactions that go well beyond the traditional realm of the Red Queen, potentially …