Pleiotropy and Redundancy Communication between cells in immune and hematopoietic
systems is mediated by soluble factors called interleukins or cytokines. These molecules …

Cancer and autoimmune disease are closely related, and many therapeutic antibodies are
widely used in clinics for the treatment of both diseases. Among them, the anti-CD20 …

Positron emission tomography was used to measure changes in the regional cerebral blood
flow of normal people while they searched visual displays for targets defined by color, by …

The Janus tyrosine kinases (Jaks) play a central role in signaling through cytokine receptors.
Although Jak1, Jak2, and Tyk2 are widely expressed, Jak3 is predominantly expressed in …

Cytokines are a family of soluble mediators of cell-to-cell communication that includes
interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors. The characteristic features of …

Prolactin and the prolactin receptors are members of a family of hormone/receptor pairs
which include GH, erythropoietin, and other ligand/receptor pairs. The mechanisms of these …

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), and
interleukin-6 (IL6) compose a family of distantly related cytokines that initiate signaling by …

The neuroendocrine hormone prolactin is a growth factor required for the proliferation and
terminal differentiation of the human breast. These effects are mediated by the prolactin …

Interleukin-7 (IL-7), a product of stromal cells, provides critical signals to lymphoid cells at
early stages in their development. Two types of cellular responses to IL-7 have been …

Analysis of gene‐targeted mice and patients with severe combined immunodeficiency due
to mutations of the α chain of the interleukin‐7 receptor (IL‐7Rα) has shown important …