The current state of power-to-heat integration into the heat supply in the Baltics is examined.
In the socio-economic analysis, three scenarios for prospective district heating electrification …

Most existing urban district heating networks (DHNs) operate on relatively high
temperatures. Typically, resulting from 2nd and 3rd generation of district heating (DH), 90 …

When planning renewable hybrid energy solutions in buildings, it is important to consider
both investment and operating costs. This study develops a novel building optimization …

Abstract The 5th Generation District Heating and Cooling (5GDHC) network has great
advantages in terms of integration of low-temperature resources, bi-directional operation …

Geographic information system (GIS) software has been essential for visualising and
determining heating and cooling requirements, sources of industrial excess heat, natural …

Future district heating systems and technologies—also known as fourth-generation district
heating—have a potentially important role to play in the green transition of societies. The …

In the transition towards 4 th generation district heating (4GDH), supply and demand side
measures have to be coordinated better than in previous generations of district heating …

The planning procedure for district cooling as an urban system was presented and carried
out using the example of the Tallinn city centre. The following steps were described in detail …

The aim of this study is to demonstrante Estonian Energy Roadmap 2040 modelling
process, taking into account energy consumption in accordance with the expectation and …

The district heating operator Fortum and the city of Espoo have set a goal to abandon the
use of coal in district heating production and increase the share of renewable sources to …