Tumours employ various tactics to adapt and eventually resist immune attack. These
mechanisms are collectively called adaptive immune resistance (AIR). The first defined and …

The discovery and clinical implementation of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting
CTLA4, PD-1 and PD-L1 has revolutionized the treatment of cancer, as recognized by the …

The immune system is the core defense against cancer development and progression.
Failure of the immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells plays an important …

In one decade, immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) has become
a new pillar of cancer treatment following surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted …

To prevent the destruction of tissues owing to excessive and/or inappropriate immune
responses, immune cells are under strict check by various regulatory mechanisms at …

Although immunotherapeutics targeting the inhibitory receptors (IRs) CTLA-4, PD-1 or PD-
L1 have made substantial clinical progress in cancer, a considerable proportion of patients …

The interaction of the host immune system with tumor cells in the tissue microenvironment is
essential in understanding tumor immunity and development of successful cancer …

The blockade of immune checkpoints (ICPs), such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated
protein-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), has propelled …

Harnessing the immune system to treat cancer through inhibitors of CTLA4 and PD-L1 has
revolutionized the landscape of cancer. Rational combination strategies aim to enhance the …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized medical practice in oncology since
the FDA approval of the first ICI 11 years ago. In light of this, Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 …