Modified tetrapyrroles are large macrocyclic compounds, consisting of diverse conjugation
and metal chelation systems and imparting an array of colors to the biological structures that …

Many oxidation–reduction (redox) enzymes, particularly oxygenases, have roles in reactions
that make and break C–C bonds. The list includes cytochrome P450 and other heme-based …

Heme-copper oxidases (HCOs) are terminal enzymes on the mitochondrial or bacterial
respiratory electron transport chain, which utilize a unique heterobinuclear active site to …

Metals are required cofactors for numerous fundamental processes that are essential to both
pathogen and host. They are coordinated in enzymes responsible for DNA replication and …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen that thrives inside host
macrophages. A key trait of M. tuberculosis is to exploit and manipulate metal cation …

Deazaflavin cofactors enhance the metabolic flexibility of microorganisms by catalyzing a
wide range of challenging enzymatic redox reactions. While structurally similar to riboflavin …

Iron is essential to nearly all life forms on Earth, required for the proper function of enzymes
involved in, for example, respiration, photosynthesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, nitrogen …

Heme is an essential cofactor and signaling molecule required for virtually all aerobic life.
However, excess heme is cytotoxic. Therefore, heme must be safely transported and …

Iron is a transition metal utilized by nearly all forms of life for essential cellular processes,
such as DNA synthesis and cellular respiration. During infection by bacterial pathogens, the …

The highly contagious disease tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (Mtb), which has been evolving drug resistance at an alarming rate. Like all …