There has long been discussion regarding the positive effects of physical exercise on brain
activity. However, physical exercise has only recently begun to receive the attention of the …

There is now strong evidence of progressive neuropathological processes in bipolar
disorder (BD). On this basis, the current understanding of the neurobiology of BD has shifted …

Increasing evidence points to an association between major depressive disorders (MDDs)
and diverse types of GABAergic deficits. In this review, we summarize clinical and preclinical …

Lithium has been used for the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) for the last sixty or more
years, and recent studies with more reliable designs and updated guidelines have …

Lithium has been used for over half a century for the treatment of bipolar disorder as the
archetypal mood stabilizer, and has a wealth of empirical evidence supporting its efficacy in …

Background The neurotrophic hypothesis postulates that mood disorders such as bipolar
disorder (BD) are associated with a lower expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor …

The neuroimmune system plays a crucial role in the regulation of mood disorders. Moreover,
recent studies show that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the …

BackgroundA reliable biomarker signature for bipolar disorder sensitive to illness phase
would be of considerable clinical benefit. Among circulating blood-derived markers there …

From a neurobiological perspective there is no such thing as bipolar disorder. Rather, it is
almost certainly the case that many somewhat similar, but subtly different, pathological …

Mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BPD), are
the most prevalent psychiatric conditions, and are also among the most severe and …