Simple Summary There is a rising demand for food security in the face of threats posed by a
growing human population. Bees as an insect play a crucial role in crop pollination …

Highlights•Urban ecosystems are expanding worldwide with major effects on
biodiversity.•All species are embedded in various antagonistic and mutualistic interactions.• …

Cultivation of pollinator-dependent crops has expanded globally, increasing our reliance on
insect pollination. This essential ecosystem service is provided by a wide range of managed …

Highlights•Threats to urban pollinators include urban intensification, climate change,
pesticides and pollution.•Adding honey bee hives could negatively affect wild pollinators in …

Urbanization is increasing worldwide, with major impacts on biodiversity, species
interactions and ecosystem functioning. Pollination is an ecosystem function vital for …

A functional ecological understanding of urban wild bee communities is of growing
importance especially in regard to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem service …

Insect-provided pollination services are increasingly threatened due to alarming declines in
insect pollinator populations. One of the main threats to insect pollinators and consequently …

Urbanization affects the occurrence, abundance and distribution of pollinators worldwide.
Although urban green spaces support many pollinators, global estimates of urban pollinator …

Wild and managed bees provide pollination services to crops and wild plants, as well as a
variety of other services beneficial to humans. Honey bees are the most economically …

Evidence for pollinator declines largely originates from mid-latitude regions in North America
and Europe. Geographical heterogeneity in pollinator trends combined with geographical …