This paper is the thirty-sixth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2013 …

Both hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) extracted microvesicles
(MVs) are potent anti‐inflammatory molecules. They play an essential role in lowering the …

Background Preeclampsia is a systemic, multi‐organ endotheliopathy, associated with
oxidative injury to the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Preeclampsia initiates a cascade of events …

Opioids are the most potent widely used analgesics, primarily, but not exclusively, in
palliative care. However, they are associated with numerous side effects, such as tolerance …

Ghrelin, a peptide hormone released from the gastric endocrine glands, shows analgesic
activity apart from its various physiological effects. Nevertheless, the effects of ghrelin …

Obestatin is a 23 amino acid-peptide, derived from the same preproghrelin-gene as ghrelin.
Obestatin was originally reported as a ghrelin antagonist with anorexigenic activity, but later …

In previous studies we have shown that baclofen, a selective GABAB receptor agonist,
prevents the somatic expression and reestablishes the dopamine and μ‐opioid receptors …

The aim of the present study was to investigate the participation of corticotropin-releasing
factor (CRF) receptors (CRF1 and CRF2) in the alterations of the dorsal and ventral striatal …

Introduction: Opiate drugs are psychoactive substances used to manage severe pain.
However, their chronic use is associated with the development of addiction. Opiate addiction …

Background: Sleep deprivation has become one of the most important problems affecting
mood, learning, and mem-ory function. On the other hand, the use of mobile phones has …