Humans rely on visual cues to navigate the world around them. Vision begins with the
detection of light by photoreceptor cells in the retina, a light-sensitive tissue located at the …

Photoreceptors–the light-sensitive cells in the vertebrate retina–have been extremely well-
characterized with regards to their biochemistry, cell biology and physiology. They therefore …

Clinical and genetic heterogeneity associated with retinal diseases makes stem-cell-based
therapies an attractive strategy for personalized medicine. However, we have limited …

The derivation of three-dimensional (3D) stratified neural retina from pluripotent stem cells
has permitted investigations of human photoreceptors. We have generated a H9 human …

In this overview, we provide an update on recent progress made in understanding the
mechanisms of action, physiological functions, and roles in disease of retinoic acid related …

This chapter provides an overview of the early developmental origins of six ocular tissues:
the cornea, lens, ciliary body, iris, neural retina, and retina pigment epithelium. Many of …

Across the animal kingdom, visual systems have evolved to be uniquely suited to the
environments and behavioral patterns of different species. Visual acuity and color …

Cis-regulatory elements (CREs, eg, promoters and enhancers) regulate gene expression,
and variants within CREs can modulate disease risk. Next-generation sequencing has …

Multipotent retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) generate various cell types in a precise
chronological order, but how exactly cone photoreceptor production is restricted to early …

A stringent control of homeostasis is critical for functional maintenance and survival of
neurons. In the mammalian retina, the basic motif leucine zipper transcription factor NRL …