Atherosclerosis is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading
cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelium activation and …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, in which the immune system has a
prominent role in its development and progression. Inflammation-induced endothelial …

Inflammation orchestrates each stage of the life cycle of atherosclerotic plaques. Indeed,
inflammatory mediators likely link many traditional and emerging risk factors with …

Mechanical forces shape cells and tissues during development and adult homeostasis. In
addition, they also signal to cells via mechanotransduction pathways to control cell …

Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a multifactorial condition affecting an important
percentage of the global population. It ranges from mild clinical signs, such as …

Cells of the vascular wall are exquisitely sensitive to changes in their mechanical
environment. In healthy vessels, mechanical forces regulate signaling and gene expression …

Blood flow produces mechanical frictional forces, parallel to the blood flow exerted on the
endothelial wall of the vessel, the so-called wall shear stress (WSS). WSS sensing is …

Flowing blood generates a frictional force called shear stress that has major effects on
vascular function. Branches and bends of arteries are exposed to complex blood flow …

BACKGROUND Each organ in the human body has its own capillary bed to carry out its
distinctive and versatile functions in response to dynamically changing systemic and local …

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the major form of cardiovascular disease and the leading cause of
morbidity and mortality in countries around the world. Atherosclerosis combines the …