The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T 4) and triiodothyronine (T 3), are essential for normal
growth and development of the fetus. Their bioavailability in utero depends on development …

Thyroid hormone (TH) signalling is a key modulator of fundamental biological processes that
has been evolutionarily conserved in both vertebrate and invertebrate species. TH may have …

The thyroid gland, found dorsal to the trachea just distal to the larynx, is a smooth, firm,
bilobed organ, approximately 2.5 cm  2.5 cm  5 cm, 1 weighing approximately 0.04 g/kg …

Equine thyroid disorders pose a diagnostic challenge in clinical practice because of the
effects of nonthyroidal factors on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis, and the horse's …

Hypothyroidism refers to a deficiency of biologically active thyroid hormone (TH). It is useful
to further classify this endocrinopathy as primary, secondary, or tertiary disease. The term …

Population declines were documented in multiple ruminant species in Montana and
surrounding states starting in 1995. While weather, food sources, and predation certainly …

In order to acquire a pattern of thyroid involvement in welfare maintenance in Ruminants
and Equines, this review summarizes data concerning the reference values of total and free …

The elements discussed in this chapter (Table 10-1) are essential for animals as well as for
most plants. The differentiation between macro-and trace elements is not linked to their …

The aim of this study was investigate the effect of growing associated with different gender
on circulating total and free iodothyronine concentrations during the first 13 mo of age in …

The evidence-based literature pertaining to thyroid dysfunction and Cushing's syndrome is
discussed in this article. Summaries of and recommendations for the treatment of these …