The vast majority of the brain's vascular length is composed of capillaries, where our
understanding of blood flow control remains incomplete. This review synthesizes current …

The discovery that transient elevations of calcium concentration occur in astrocytes, and
release'gliotransmitters' which act on neurons and vascular smooth muscle, led to the idea …

Astrocytes, a major type of glial cell, are known to play key supportive roles in brain function,
contributing to ion and neurotransmitter homeostasis, maintaining the blood–brain barrier …

Müller cells, the major type of glial cells in the retina, are responsible for the homeostatic and
metabolic support of retinal neurons. By mediating transcellular ion, water, and bicarbonate …

Neuronal activity results in increased blood flow in the brain, a response named functional
hyperemia. Astrocytes play an important role in mediating this response. Neurotransmitters …

Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma,
diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and …

The purinergic transmitter ATP (adenosine 5′-triphosphate) plays an essential role in both
the central and peripheral nervous systems, and the ability to directly measure extracellular …

Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a well‐characterized and extensively studied
disease. It is currently considered the leading cause of visual disability among patients over …

Elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for neurodegeneration in
glaucoma. Glial cells, which play an important role in normal functioning of retinal neurons …

Since 1929, when it was discovered that ATP is a substrate for muscle contraction, the
knowledge about this purine nucleotide has been greatly expanded. Many aspects of cell …