The landmark discoveries of leptin and adiponectin firmly established adipose tissue as a
sophisticated and highly active endocrine organ, opening a new era of investigating adipose …

Despite the successful development of new therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes,
such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium-glucose …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease associated to oxidative stress
and endothelial dysfunction. Oxidation of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is one of …

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has been the focus of intense
research because ligands for this receptor have emerged as potent insulin sensitizers used …

Adiponectin is one of the most important adipocytokines secreted by adipocytes and is
called a “guardian angel adipocytokine” owing to its unique biological functions. Adiponectin …

Muscle atrophy is caused by an imbalance in contractile protein synthesis and degradation
which can be triggered by various conditions including Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) …

The heart utilizes large amounts of fatty acids as energy providing substrates. The
physiological balance of lipid uptake and oxidation prevents accumulation of excess lipids …

The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the
pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes have been debated extensively. The concept that a …

Endothelial dysfunction contributes to cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension,
atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease, which are also characterized by insulin …

Despite a large need for new hypoglycemic therapies, given the epidemic of type 2 diabetes,
very few agents have been introduced during the past 20 years. The thiazolidinediones …