Oxytocin has been revealed to work for anxiety suppression and anti-stress as well as for
psychosocial behavior and reproductive functions. Oxytocin neurons are activated by …

Over the past 20 years, clinical and preclinical studies point to the anterior cingulate cortex
(ACC) as a site of interest for several neurological and psychiatric conditions. The ACC …

The hypothalamus (“hypo” meaning below, and “thalamus” meaning bed) consists of
regulatory circuits that support basic life functions that ensure survival. Sitting at the interface …

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays an important role in pain modulation, and pain-
related emotional disorders. In the ACC, two major forms of long-term potentiation (LTP) …

Oxytocin (OT), a nonapeptide, has a variety of functions. Despite extensive studies on OT
over past decades, our understanding of its neural functions and their regulation remains …

Cumulative animal and human studies have consistently demonstrated that two major
cortical regions in the brain, namely the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insular cortex …

Chronic pain can cause both hyperalgesia and anxiety symptoms. However, how the two
components are encoded in the brain remains unclear. The prelimbic cortex (PrL), a critical …

Neuroinflammation is tightly associated with onset of depression. The nuclear receptor
related 1 protein (Nurr1, also called Nr4a2), its roles in dopaminergic neurons is well …

Peripheral and central sensitizations of the trigeminal nervous system are the main
mechanisms to promote the development and maintenance of chronic orofacial pain …

Background Patients with primary dysmenorrhea (PDM) often present with abnormalities
other than dysmenorrhea including co-occurrence with other chronic pain conditions and …