The recent success of cancer immunotherapies has highlighted the benefit of harnessing the
immune system for cancer treatment. Vaccines have a long history of promoting immunity to …

For more than 50 years, heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been studied for their role in
protecting cells from elevated temperature and other forms of stress. More recently, several …

Viruses are intracellular pathogens responsible for a vast number of human diseases. Due
to their small genome size, viruses rely primarily on the biosynthetic apparatus of the host for …

Progress in tumor immunology has not been translated to effective immunotherapies for
cancer. Most of the current effort in basic and clinical research concentrates on generating …

Cross-presentation is the process whereby bone-marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells
acquire, process and present exogenous antigen as peptides bound to MHC class I …

The emergence of antiviral drug-resistant mutants is the most important issue in current
antiviral therapy. As obligate parasites, viruses require host factors for efficient replication …

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of cellular proteins that are induced during stress
conditions such as heat stress, cold shock, UV irradiation and even pathogenic insult. They …

Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells which are strategically
positioned at the boundaries between the inner and the outside world, in this way bridging …

Intracellular proteins are degraded in the antigen processing pathway to generate peptide-
loaded MHC I complexes (pMHC I) for immune surveillance. The characteristics of the final …

CD8+ T cells recognize peptide fragments of endogenously synthesized antigens of cancers
or viruses, presented by MHC I molecules. Such antigen presentation requires the …