Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, and extensive
research has been performed to understand this disease better, using various experimental …

Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures have been the standard for many different applications,
ranging from basic research to stem cell and cancer research to regenerative medicine, for …

Background: Aortic valve stenosis is a sexually dimorphic disease, with women often
presenting with sustained fibrosis and men with more extensive calcification. However, the …

The number of people diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases is on the rise. Many of
these diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and …

Endothelial cells are important constituents of blood vessels and play a critical role in
vascular homeostasis. They do not only control the exchanges between the blood and the …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the world's leading cause of death, exhibits notable
epidemiological, clinical, and pathophysiological differences between sexes. Many such …

Although sex differences have been noted in cellular function and behavior, therapy efficacy,
and disease incidence and outcomes, the adoption of sex as a biological variable in tissue …

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is caused by blocked arteries due to atherosclerosis and/or
thrombosis which reduce blood flow to the lower limbs. It results in major morbidity, including …

Several mediators including cytokines, growth factors and metalloproteinases (MMP)
modulate pathological angiogenesis associated with inflammatory arthritis. The biological …

Background Biological sex is an important modifier of cardiovascular disease and women
generally have better outcomes compared with men. However, the contribution of cardiac …