Materials at the nanoscale exhibit specific physicochemical interactions with their
environment. Therefore, evaluating their toxic potential is a primary requirement for …

Toner formulations used by laser printers (LP) and photocopiers (PC), collectively called
“toner-based printing equipment”(TPE), are nano-enabled products (NEP) because they …

Introduction Since an average human spends most of the time indoors (ranging from 85% to
90%), the understanding about ambient environment is very important. The indoor …

Many studies have shown that the use of laser printing devices (LPDs) contributes to the
release of particles into the indoor environment. However, after more than two decades of …

Population form a homeostat with environment where they live and exchange continuous
gas for their respiration, which is the primary pathway for the pollutants to enter into human …

Ultrafine particles emitted from laser printers are suspected to elicit adverse health effects.
We performed 75‐minute exposures to emissions of laser printing devices (LPD s) in a …

Recent studies have shown that engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are incorporated into
toner powder used in printing equipment and released during their use. Thus …

Toner-based printing equipment (TPE), including laser printers and photocopiers, utilize
several engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) to improve toner performance. Operation of TPE …

Background Several recent studies have linked emissions from printing equipment with
upper airway inflammation and systemic oxidative stress in healthy humans, lung …

Inhalation of nanoparticles emitted from toner-based printing equipment (TPE), such as laser
printers and photocopiers, also known as PEPs, has been associated with systemic …