This review focuses on the use of multilevel models in psychology and other social sciences.
We target readers who are catching up on current best practices and sources of controversy …

While scholarly attention to date has focused almost entirely on individual-level drivers of
vaccine confidence, we show that macro-level factors play an important role in …

This paper assesses the options available to researchers analysing multilevel (including
longitudinal) data, with the aim of supporting good methodological decision-making. Given …

School performance measures are published annually in England to hold schools to
account and to support parental school choice. This article reviews and evaluates the …

Controlling residential energy consumption is crucial to reduce CO2 emissions, as it has an
important energy-saving potential, and its environmental controls are difficult to displace …

Standard multilevel models focus on variables that predict the mean while the within-group
variability is largely treated as a nuisance. Recent work has shown the advantage of …

Homogeneity of variance (HOV) is a well-known but often untested assumption in the
context of multilevel models (MLMs). However, depending on how large the violation is, how …

According to the canalization hypothesis of attachment theory (Bowlby, 1973), people's
trajectories of attachment security should become increasingly stable and buffered against …

Drawing upon recent developments in structural equation modeling, the current study
presents an analytical framework for addressing research questions in which, rather than …

Objectives Test whether cooperation with the police can be modelled as a place-based
norm that varies in strength from one neighborhood to the next. Estimate whether perceived …