Although it is challenging for individuals with cocaine addiction to achieve abstinence, the
greatest difficulty is avoiding relapse to drug taking, which is often triggered by cues …

Understanding the brain circuitry that underlies reward is critical to improve treatment for
many common health issues, including obesity, depression, and addiction. Here we focus …

Background and rationale Results from many clinical studies suggest that drug relapse and
craving are often provoked by acute exposure to the self-administered drug or related drugs …

Physical activity, and specifically exercise, has been suggested as a potential treatment for
drug addiction. In this review, we discuss clinical and preclinical evidence for the efficacy of …

Integrins are a large family of extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors. In the developing and
adult brain, many integrins are present at high levels at synapses. The tetrapartite structure …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been found to play roles in many types of
plasticity including drug addiction. Here, we focus on rodent studies over the past two …

Stressors ranging from psychogenic/social to neurogenic/injury to systemic/microbial can
impact microglial inflammatory processes, but less is known regarding their effects on …

One of the major challenges of cocaine addiction is the high rate of relapse to drug use after
periods of withdrawal. During the first few weeks of withdrawal, cue-induced cocaine craving …

Drug craving and relapse to drug use during abstinence are defining features of addiction.
Evidence indicates that drug craving and relapse in humans are often provoked by acute …

Cue-induced methamphetamine seeking progressively increases after withdrawal
(incubation of methamphetamine craving), but the underlying mechanisms are largely …