Scinax is the most species-rich genus of Neotropical treefrogs, with 129 currently recognized
species divided between two major clades, the S. catharinae and S. ruber clades. The S …

During reproductive season, males usually must defend their territory against competitor
males and attract females for reproduction. Acoustic signals evolved as an alternative to …

Vocal sacs are among the most conspicuous features of anurans and are particularly striking
in casque-headed treefrogs (Hylidae: Hylinae: Lophyohylini) with their wide array of …

Anuran communication involves different channels of signal transmission, including
acoustic, chemical, seismic, tactile, and visual stimuli. If emitted in combination, the …

The most ventral muscles of the head (the mm. submentalis, intermandibularis, and
interhyoideus) provide support to the gular region and lift the buccal floor during ventilation …

The Neotropical family Hylodidae comprises 46 currently recognized rheophilic Torrent frog
species, today classified in the genera Crossodactylus, Hylodes, Megaelosia, and …

Sexual dichromatism, where males and females of the same species differ in coloration, is
best studied in diurnal animals. Nocturnal animals such as frogs do not seem good …

Ancestral character-state reconstruction is a powerful method in phylogenetics that can be
applied to elucidate the evolutionary history of secondary sexual characters. Here, we …

Cascades and fast-flowing streams impose severe restrictions on acoustic communication,
with loud broadband background noise hampering signal detection and recognition. In this …

Vocal sacs are present in most species of frogs and are the product of the interaction of three
elements: the gular skin, the superficial submandibular musculature and an internal mucosa …