The transmission of extracellular signals to the interior of the cell is a function of plasma
membrane receptors, of which the seven transmembrane receptor family is by far the largest …

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a complex disease process presumed to
emerge from autoimmunity occurring in the thyroid gland, most frequently in Graves disease …

Recently, a requirement for β-arrestin–mediated endocytosis in the activation of extracellular
signal–regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) by several G protein–coupled receptors …

The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF-I and IGF-II, comprise a conserved pair of secreted
proteins with diverse effects on growth, development, and metabolism. Insulin-like growth …

Neocortical neuroblast cell lines were used to clone G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)
genes to study signaling mechanisms regulating cortical neurogenesis. One putative GPCR …

Heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors are the most diverse and therapeutically important
family of receptors in the human genome. Ligand binding activates heterotrimeric G proteins …

It is becoming increasingly clear that signaling via G protein-coupled receptors is a diverse
phenomenon involving receptor interaction with a variety of signaling partners. Despite this …

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling regulates contractility, metabolism, hypertrophy,
autophagy, senescence, and apoptosis in the heart. IGF-1 deficiency is associated with an …

Sphingosine 1-phosphate is formed in cells in response to diverse stimuli, including growth
factors, cytokines, G-protein-coupled receptor agonists, antigen, etc. Its production is …

Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) plays a central role in regulating thyroid
function and is targeted by IgGs in Graves' disease (GD-IgG). Whether TSHR is involved in …