Motivational and motor deficits are common in patients with depression and other psychiatric
disorders, and are related to symptoms of anhedonia and motor retardation. These deficits in …

One fundamental question concerning brain reward mechanisms is to determine how
reward-related activity is influenced by the nature of rewards. Here, we review the …

Successful goal-directed behavior requires not only correct action selection, planning, and
execution but also the ability to flexibly adapt behavior when performance problems occur or …

The subjective well-being or happiness of individuals is an important metric for societies.
Although happiness is influenced by life circumstances and population demographics such …

Habits form a crucial component of behavior. In recent years, key computational models
have conceptualized habits as arising from model-free reinforcement learning mechanisms …

The pursuit of knowledge is a basic feature of human nature. However, in domains ranging
from health to finance people sometimes choose to remain ignorant. Here, we show that …

Dopamine is implicated in adaptive behavior through reward prediction error (RPE) signals
that update value estimates. There is also accumulating evidence that animals in structured …

The neurobiological understanding of mood, and by extension mood disorders, remains
elusive despite decades of research implicating several neuromodulator systems. This …

An ascending sensory pathway that underlies feelings from the body, such as cooling or
toothache, terminates in the posterior insula. Considerable evidence suggests that this …

Abstract Changes in response contingencies require adjusting ones assumptions about
outcomes of behaviors. Such adaptation processes are driven by reward prediction error …