As an essential component of innate immunity, macrophages have multiple functions in both
inhibiting or promoting cell proliferation and tissue repair. Diversity and plasticity are …

Impaired wound healing in chronic wounds has been a significant challenge for clinicians
and researchers for decades. Traditional herbal medicine (THM) has a long history of …

Despite maximal surgical and medical therapy, the treatment of glioblastoma remains a
seriously vexing problem, with median survival well under 2 years and few long-term …

Microglia mediate multiple facets of neuroinflammation, including cytotoxicity, repair,
regeneration, and immunosuppression due to their ability to acquire diverse activation …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria is one of the most potent innate
immune-activating stimuli known. Here we review the current understanding of LPS effects …

CNS immune defenses are marshaled and dominated by brain resident macrophages and
microglia, which are the innate immune sentinels and frontline host immune barriers against …

Interleukin-10 (IL-10), first recognized for its ability to inhibit activation and effector function of
T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, is a multifunctional cytokine with diverse effects on …

Inflammation is an important contributor to the pathology of diseases implicated in skeletal
muscle dysfunction. A number of diseases and disorders including inflammatory myopathies …

Macrophages (MΦs)/microglia that constitute the dominant tumor-infiltrating immune cells in
glioblastoma are recruited by tumor-secreted factors and are induced to become …

IL-23 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of the IL-12p40 “soluble receptor” subunit and a
novel cytokine-like subunit related to IL-12p35, termed p19. Human and mouse IL-23 exhibit …