In space plasmas the phenomenon of mass loading is common. Comets are one of the most
evident objects where mass loading controls to a large extent the structure and dynamics of …

In this paper we review results from atmospheric and ionospheric experiments on the early
planetary missions like the Mariners, Mars, and Viking 1 and 2 Orbiters/Landers. We then …

When the supersonic solar wind reaches the neighborhood of a planetary obstacle it
decelerates. The nature of this interaction can be very different, depending upon whether …

The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Magnetic Field Investigation was designed to provide fast
vector measurements of the ambient magnetic field in the near‐Mars environment and over …

We present the results of model calculations, using our new, four‐species, spherical MHD
model. Our results are compared with the relevant and limited available data. The resulting …

A great many Martian bow shock and magnetic pile-up boundary crossings have been
identified in the Phobos 2 and Mars Global Surveyor, MGS, data. From these observations …

Mars and Venus do not have a global magnetic field and as a result solar wind interacts
directly with their ionospheres and upper atmospheres. Neutral atoms ionized by solar UV …

BASED on the examples of the Earth and Moon, we expect that Mars has or once had an
intrinsic planetary magnetic field. The Earth has a large magnetic moment, 8 x 1015 T m3 …

The evolution of the martian atmosphere with regard to its H2O inventory is influenced by
thermal loss processes of H, H2, nonthermal atmospheric loss processes of H+, H2+, O, O+ …

The spacecraft Phobos 1 and 2 were launched on 7 and 12 July 1988. The mission was to
have three stages: investigations of the Sun and interplanetary space during the flight from …