Immunological memory is an important evolutionary trait that improves host survival upon
reinfection. Memory is a characteristic recognized within both the innate and adaptive arms …

The immune system is a fascinating world of cells, soluble factors, interacting cells, and
tissues, all of which are interconnected. The highly complex nature of the immune system …

Clonal expansion of cells with somatically diversified receptors and their long-term
maintenance as memory cells is a hallmark of adaptive immunity. Here, we studied …

The ontogeny and maturation of the immune system is modulated by the microbiota. During
fetal life, the mother's microbiota produces compounds that are transferred to the fetus and …

The ability of developing immunological memory, a characteristic feature of adaptive
immunity, is clearly present also in innate immune responses. In fact, it is well known that …

Bivalves are widespread in coastal environments subjected to a wide range of
environmental fluctuations: however, the rapidly occurring changes due to several …

Invertebrates are the protagonists of a recent paradigm shift because they now show that
vertebrates are not the only group with immune memory. This review discusses the concept …

Breast cancer (BC) is the main cause of cancer-related mortality among women globally.
Despite substantial advances in the identification and management of primary tumors …

Immunology is central to contemporary biology and medicine, but it also provides novel
philosophical insights. Its most significant contribution to philosophy concerns the …

Immunological memory is a hallmark of the adaptive immune system. Although natural killer
(NK) cells are innate immune cells important for the immediate host defence, they can …