The gastrointestinal tract is the only internal organ to have evolved with its own independent
nervous system, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS). This Review provides an …

Na+ and Cl− movement across the intestinal epithelium occurs by several interconnected
mechanisms:(a) nutrient-coupled Na+ absorption,(b) electroneutral NaCl absorption,(c) …

Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Sixth Edition, a Two-Volume set, covers the study of
the mechanical, physical and biochemical functions of the GI Tract by linking clinical disease …

Since the 1950s, considerable circumstantial evidence had been presented that
endogenous 5‐HT (serotonin) synthesized from within the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) …

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is defined as the chronic use or misuse of prescribed or illicitly
obtained opioids and is characterized by clinically significant impairment. The etiology of …

Reduced peripheral serotonin (5HT) in mice lacking tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH1), the rate
limiting enzyme for 5HT synthesis, was reported to be anabolic to the skeleton. However, in …

Somatostatin (SOM) is an active substance which most commonly occurs in endocrine cells,
as well as in the central and peripheral nervous system. One of the parts of the nervous …

Chemical neurotransmission may include transmission to local or remote sites. Locally,
contact between 'bare'portions of the bulbous nerve terminal termed a varicosity and the …

In the gastrointestinal tract, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is found exclusively within
neurons. VIP regulates intestinal motility via neurally mediated and direct actions on smooth …

Minute-to-minute behavior of the alimentary tract reflects the integrated functioning of the
gut's musculature, secretory glands and bloodOColymphatic vasculature. Activity of the three …