The dramatic temperature fluctuations spurred by climate change inhibit plant growth and
threaten crop productivity. Unraveling how plants defend themselves against temperature …

Protein kinases are major players in various signal transduction pathways. Understanding
the molecular mechanisms behind plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses has …

Contents Summary I. Introduction II. Cold stress and physiological responses in plants III.
Sensing of cold signals in plants IV. Messenger molecules involved in cold signal …

Two-component systems (TCS) comprising sensor histidine kinases and response regulator
proteins are among the most important players in bacterial and archaeal signal transduction …

Exposure to cold triggers a spike in cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) that often leads to
transcriptional reprogramming in plants. However, how this Ca2+ signal is perceived and …

Non-invasive precise thermometers working at the nanoscale with high spatial resolution,
where the conventional methods are ineffective, have emerged over the last couple of years …

Two-component systems reprogramme diverse aspects of microbial physiology in response
to environmental cues. Canonical systems are composed of a transmembrane sensor …

Histidine kinases (HKs) are major players in bacterial signaling. There has been an
explosion of new HK crystal structures in the last 5 years. We globally analyze the structures …

Cold is a key determinant for plant growth and flowering time as well as an important
environmental factor limiting plant growth and development. Recent studies have revealed …

Perceiving environmental and internal information and reacting in adaptive ways are
essential attributes of living organisms. Two-component systems are relevant protein …