The consequences of polyandry for female fitness are controversial. Sexual conflict studies
and a meta‐analysis of mating rates in insects suggest that there is a longevity cost when …

Recent theoretical models predict that the evolutionary diversification of the weapons and
ornaments of pre-mating sexual selection should be influenced by trade-offs with male …

The Darwin–Bateman paradigm recognizes competition among males for access to multiple
mates as the main driver of sexual selection. Increasingly, however, females are also being …

Reproductive males face a trade-off between expenditure on precopulatory male–male
competition—increasing the number of females that they secure as mates—and sperm …

It is well known that sexual selection can target reproductive traits during successive pre‐
and post‐mating episodes of selection. A key focus of recent studies has been to understand …

Sperm competition is a powerful selective force that has shaped sexual traits throughout
animal evolution. Yet, how fertilization mode (ie external versus internal fertilization) …

Female preferences for specific male phenotypes have been documented across a wide
range of animal taxa, including numerous species where males contribute only gametes to …

In many species, females mate with multiple partners, meaning that sexual selection on
male traits operates across a spectrum that encompasses the competition for mates (that is …

In this paper we explore the relevance and integration of system theory and thermodynamics
in terms of the Earth system. It is proposed that together, these fields explain the evolution …

There are two reasons why researchers are interested in the phenotypic relationship
between the expression of male secondary sexual characters (SSCs) and 'ejaculate …