Nonunion following a long bone fracture causes considerable morbidity when it occurs. Risk
factors depend on specific fractures but there is a complex interplay of injury severity …

Abstract➢ Many risk factors for fracture nonunion are well supported in the orthopaedic
literature, including location of the fracture site, surgical treatment, bone displacement, type …

Importance Failure of bone fracture healing occurs in 5% to 10% of all patients. Nonunion
risk is associated with the severity of injury and with the surgical treatment technique, yet …

Objectives Systematic review and meta-analysis of published observational cohort studies.
To quantify the increased risk smokers have of experiencing a delayed and/or non-union in …

Bone healing is a multifarious process involving mesenchymal stem cells, osteoprogenitor
cells, macrophages, osteoblasts and-clasts, and chondrocytes to restore the osseous tissue …

Background: The aim was to analyze whether patients with a displaced midshaft clavicular
fracture are best managed with plate fixation or nonoperative treatment with respect to …

Objectives The aim of this study was to review the impact of smoking tobacco on the
musculoskeletal system, and on bone fractures in particular. Methods English-language …

Fractures of the clavicle are common injuries that occur across all age groups but are most
frequently seen in the young, active patient population. Among the different types of clavicle …

Aims Recent studies of nonoperatively treated displaced midshaft clavicular fractures have
shown a high incidence of nonunion and unsatisfactory functional outcome. Some studies …

Background This review covers two conditions: acute clavicle fractures and non‐union
resulting from failed fracture healing. Clavicle (collarbone) fractures account for around 4 …