While post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is currently diagnosed based solely on classic
psychological and behavioral symptoms, a growing body of evidence has highlighted a link …

The study of inflammation in fear-and anxiety-based disorders has gained interest as
growing literature indicates that pro-inflammatory markers can directly modulate affective …

Background Studies investigating inflammatory markers in post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) have yielded mixed results. The aim of our study was to compare concentrations of …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs in 5–10% of the population and is twice as
common in women as in men. Although trauma exposure is the precipitating event for PTSD …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) will affect one out of every five people in their lifetime and
is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Nevertheless, mechanisms associated with the …

Depression and anxiety disorders are associated with increased release of peripheral
cytokines; however, their functional relevance remains unknown. Using a social stress …

Objective: Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are
specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the …

Diagnostic criteria for mood disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD) largely
ignore biological factors in favor of behavioral symptoms. Compounding this paucity of …

Background Neuroinflammatory processes have been hypothesized to play a role in the
pathogenesis of psychiatric and neurological diseases. Studies on this topic often rely on …

During pregnancy, programming of the fetal central nervous system establishes
vulnerabilities for emergence of neuropsychiatric phenotypes later in life. Psychosocial …