As the major excitatory neurotransmitter used in the vertebrate brain, glutamate activates
ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), which mediate fast and slow …

Interaural time differences (ITDs) are the primary cue animals, including humans, use to
localize low-frequency sounds. In vertebrate auditory systems, dedicated ITD processing …

Background: γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) plasticity plays an important role in stroke motor
recovery in a mouse model. However, little is known about changes over time in neuronal …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, featured by motor
deficits and non-motor symptoms such as cognitive impairment, and malfunction of gamma …

Identification of shared features between avian and mammalian auditory brainstem circuits
has provided much insight into the mechanisms underlying early auditory processing …

Mature nucleus magnocellularis (NM) neurons, the avian homolog of bushy cells of the
mammalian anteroventral cochlear nucleus, maintain high [Cl−] i and depolarize in …

Interaural time differences (ITDs) are a major cue for sound localization and change with
increasing head size. Since the barn owl's head width more than doubles in the month after …

Key points• Organisms localise low frequencies using interaural time disparities (ITDs) in
which specialized neurones in the medial superior olive (MSO) compute submillisecond …

The initial binaural processing in the superior olive represents the fastest computation
known in the entire mammalian brain. Although the binaural system has to perform under …

Glutamate, as the major excitatory neurotransmitter used in the vertebrate brain, activates
ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs and mGluRs), which mediate fast …