In recent years, immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has led
to unprecedented breakthroughs in cancer treatment. However, the fact that many tumors …

In recent years, breakthroughs have been made in tumor immunotherapy. However, tumor
immunotherapy, particularly anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors, is effective in …

The demise of cells in various ways enables the body to clear unwanted cells. Studies over
the years revealed distinctive molecular mechanisms and functional consequences of …

Metabolites of glycolytic metabolism have been identified as signaling molecules and
regulators of gene expression, in addition to their basic function as major energy and …

The microenvironment in cancerous tissues is immunosuppressive and pro-tumorigenic,
whereas the microenvironment of tissues affected by chronic inflammatory disease is pro …

Disordered metabolic states, which are characterised by hypoxia and elevated levels of
metabolites, particularly lactate, contribute to the immunosuppression in the tumour …

Autophagy is a regulated mechanism that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular
components and recycles metabolic substrates. In response to stress signals in the tumour …

Tumor development and metastasis are facilitated by the complex interactions between
cancer cells and their microenvironment, which comprises stromal cells and extracellular …

Immune evasion and metabolic reprogramming are two fundamental hallmarks of cancer.
Interestingly, lactate closely links them together. However, lactate has long been recognized …

Therapeutic reinvigoration of tumor-specific T cells has greatly improved clinical outcome in
cancer. Nevertheless, many patients still do not achieve durable benefit. Recent evidence …