The defining feature of the Gram-negative cell envelope is the presence of two cellular
membranes, with the specialized glycolipid lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exclusively found on …

Colistin, also referred to as polymyxin E, is an effective antibiotic against most multidrug-
resistant Gram-negative bacteria and is currently used as a last-line drug for treating severe …

Antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria is an ever-increasing issue worldwide.
Unfortunately, very little has been achieved in the pharmaceutical industry to combat this …

Vibrio cholerae can switch between motile and biofilm lifestyles. The last decades have
been marked by a remarkable increase in our knowledge of the structure, regulation, and …

Gram-negative bacteria release outer membrane vesicles into the external milieu to deliver
effector molecules that alter the host and facilitate virulence. Vesicle formation is driven by …

Infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens are a leading cause of
mortality and morbidity across the world. Indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics …

Vibrio cholerae causes 3 to 5 million cases of cholera annually, resulting in 100,000 to
120,000 deaths (1, 2). Infection occurs through the ingestion of contaminated water or food …

Polymyxins are a group of detergent-like antimicrobial peptides that are the ultimate line of
defense against carbapenem-resistant pathogens in clinical settings. Polymyxin resistance …

Background Mobilized resistance to colistin is evolving rapidly and its global dissemination
poses a severe threat to human health and safety. Transferable colistin resistance gene, mcr …

Abstract Calcium (Ca 2+) is a universal signaling ion, whose major informational role
shaped the evolution of signaling pathways, enabling cellular communications and …