Inherited retinopathies (IR) are common untreatable blinding conditions. Most of them are
inherited as monogenic disorders, due to mutations in genes expressed in retinal …

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein that is mainly produced in the adult kidney, and it was
initially highlighted for its action on the hematopoietic system. Moreover, EPO is also …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes and constitutes a major
cause of vision impairment and blindness in the world. DR has long been described …

Photoreceptors and other cells of the retina consume large quantities of energy to efficiently
convert light information into a neuronal signal understandable by the brain. The necessary …

Tissue injury, hypoxia and significant metabolic stress activate innate immune responses
driven by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and other proinflammatory cytokines that typically …

Over the last few years, huge progress has been made with regard to the understanding of
molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases of the …

Many disease processes activate a cellular stress response that initiates a cascade of
inflammation and damage. However, this process also triggers a tissue protection and repair …

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a transcription factor that facilitates cellular adaptation to
hypoxia and ischemia. Long-standing evidence suggests that one isotype of HIF, HIF-1α, is …

Neuroinflammation is a normal and healthy response to neuronal damage. However,
excessive or chronic neuroinflammation exacerbates neurodegeneration after trauma and in …

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein produced mainly by the adult kidney in response to
hypoxia and is the crucial regulator of red blood cell production. EPO receptors (EPORs) …