Highlights•Insoluble aluminum salts have long been used to stimulate B and CD4 T cell
responses.•The need for IL-1/MyD88 for alum's adjuvancy depends on the site of …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) is a structural component of the gram-negative outer
membrane. The lipid A moiety of LPS binds to the LPS receptor complex expressed by …

Current vaccines against influenza virus infection rely on the induction of neutralizing
antibodies targeting the globular head of the viral hemagglutinin (HA). Protection against …

The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically
been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. From here, the antigen is slowly …

Inflammatory pain can be triggered by different stimuli, such as trauma, radiation, antigen
and infection. In a model of inflammatory pain caused by infection, injection in the mice paw …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are key immune receptors of the innate immune
system, which recognize the conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a dominant component of the Gram-negative bacterial outer
membrane, is a strong activator of the innate immune system, and thereby an important …

As an intermediate substance of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and a precursor substance of
glutamic acid synthesis, the effect of alpha-ketoglutarate on growth and protein synthesis …

Modern adjuvants for vaccine formulations are immunostimulating agents whose action is
based on the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) by well-defined ligands to …

The Toll-like receptor 4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant formulated in a stable
emulsion (GLA-SE) promotes strong TH1 and balanced IgG1/IgG2 responses to protein …