Bath smelting and converting technologies for copper production have been improved,
resulting in higher production efficiency and less polluting emissions. Reported studies on …

In top–bottom combined blown converter-steelmaking process, cavity shape created by
oxygen jet of top lance impacting liquid metal surface and gas–liquid flow caused by bottom …

Bottom blowing agitation plays a crucial role in improving the reaction kinetics condition of
molten bath during the steelmaking process. Herein, the influence of bottom blowing mode …

Herein, the fluid mechanical aspects involving flow interactions between flows formed by the
top impinging jet and bottom blowing bubbles in a combined blowing converter bath are …

The basic idea of converter processes is to convert carbon-rich liquid, blast furnace hot
metal to low-carbon steel. The converter processes emerged in the mid-19th century with the …

Fluid flow in converter bath, affecting the viability, effectiveness, and efficiency of
steelmaking, plays a critical role in the productivity and quality level that can be achieved in …

The side-blown smelting technology has been widely adopted in the smelting of complex
copper concentrate. This study investigated the flow field distribution in the copper smelting …

Aiming at the melt splashing behavior in the smelting process of an oxygen-enriched side-
blowing furnace, the volume of fluid model and the realizable k− ε turbulence model are …

Physical and mathematical modeling is performed in a 10: 1 scaled‐down basic oxygen
furnace (BOF) steelmaking vessel to study impingement onto a bath of swirling gas jets from …

Submerged CO2–O2 injection is a new method for electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking.
And it's necessary to optimize the arrangement of submerged nozzles and oven wall oxygen …