Introduction: The eleventh cranial nerve, the accessory nerve, has a complex and unique
anatomy and has been the subject of much debate. Herein, we review the morphology …

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of variations in the anatomical route of the spinal
accessory nerve from the base of the skull to the point where it enters the trapezius muscle …

Аннотация Структурно-функциональная организация добавочного нерва остается
предметом дискуссий в виду особенностей его строения. Данные, представленные в …

The spinal accessory nerve (SAN) or XI cranial nerve is frequently encountered during neck
surgery, and as such is at risk of iatrogenic injury, resulting in" shoulder syndrome". Modified …

OBJECT Iatrogenic injuries to the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) are not uncommon during
lymph node biopsy of the posterior cervical triangle (PCT). In this study, the authors review …

Purpose The purpose of the present study was to systematically investigate the upper body
motor point (MP) positions of selected muscles and to create an atlas of the identified MPs …

Magnetic resonance neurography allows for the selective visualization of peripheral nerves
and is increasingly being investigated. Whereas in the past, the imaging of the extracranial …

Introduction Botulinum toxin injections are previously reported to be a noninvasive
alternative method for treating masseteric hypertrophy. However, there is a debate on …

BACKGROUND: Inadvertent injury of the spinal accessory nerve during surgical procedures
is a cause of significant morbidity with medicolegal repercussions. Surface anatomy is an …

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to demonstrate that ultrasonography may allow a
precise assessment of the course and relationships of the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) …