Our previous International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology report on the
nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors (2011) contained a number of …

The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or
its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as …

In the 10 years since our previous International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
report on the nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors, no developments …

The consumption of caffeine (an adenosine receptor antagonist) correlates inversely with
depression and memory deterioration, and adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonists …

Purinergic neurotransmission, involving release of ATP as an efferent neurotransmitter was
first proposed in 1972. Later, ATP was recognised as a cotransmitter in peripheral nerves …

ATP is released in an activity-dependent manner from different cell types in the brain,
fulfilling different roles as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, in astrocyte-to-neuron …

Adenosine acts in parallel as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic modulator in the
central nervous system. Its neuromodulatory role relies on a balanced activation of inhibitory …

The canonical model of striatal function predicts that animal locomotion is associated with
the opposing regulation of protein kinase A (PKA) in direct and indirect pathway striatal …

Caffeine, the most widely used psychoactive compound, is an adenosine receptor
antagonist. It promotes wakefulness by blocking adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) in the …