Bacteria and their viruses have coevolved for billions of years. This ancient and still ongoing
arms race has led bacteria to develop a vast antiphage arsenal. The development of high …

The cell-autonomous innate immune system enables animal cells to resist viral infection.
This system comprises an array of sensors that, after detecting viral molecules, activate the …

Bacterial anti-phage systems are frequently clustered in microbial genomes, forming
defense islands. This property enabled the recent discovery of multiple defense systems …

Bacteria and archaea have developed multiple antiviral mechanisms, and genomic
evidence indicates that several of these antiviral systems co-occur in the same strain. Here …

Bacteria carry diverse genetic systems to defend against viral infection, some of which are
found within prophages where they inhibit competing viruses. Phage satellites pose …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous genetic elements in bacteria that consist of a
growth-inhibiting toxin and its cognate antitoxin. These systems are prevalent in bacterial …

A fundamental strategy of eukaryotic antiviral immunity involves the cGAS enzyme, which
synthesizes 2′, 3′-cGAMP and activates the effector STING. Diverse bacteria contain …

Summary The cyclic pyrimidines 3′, 5′-cyclic cytidine monophosphate (cCMP) and 3′,
5′-cyclic uridine monophosphate (cUMP) have been reported in multiple organisms and …

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a receptor in human cells that senses foreign cyclic
dinucleotides that are released during bacterial infection and in endogenous cyclic GMP …

We are in the midst of a golden age of uncovering defense systems against bacteriophages.
Apart from the fundamental interest in these defense systems, and revolutionary applications …