The contribution of vector transmission to pathogen establishment is largely underrated. For
Leishmania, transmission by sand flies is critical to early survival involving an irreproducible …

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a frequent and intractable chronic condition in
orthopedics that causes enormous discomfort in patients' lives and thoughts, as well as a …

The intestinal microbiota regulates immunity across organ systems. Which symbionts control
systemic immunity, the mechanisms they use, and how they avoid widespread inflammatory …

The innate immune response is a rapid response to pathogens or danger signals. It is
precisely activated not only to efficiently eliminate pathogens but also to avoid excessive …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of pulmonary infection. As a Gram-negative
pathogen, it can initiate a brisk and highly destructive inflammatory response; however, most …

K. pneumoniae sequence type 258 (Kp ST258) is a major cause of healthcare-associated
pneumonia. However, it remains unclear how it causes protracted courses of infection in …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the X-chromosome-encoded transcription factor Foxp3
represent a specialized immunosuppressive lineage with a well-recognized, essential …

Periodontal and periapical lesions are infectious inflammatory osteolitytic conditions in
which a complex inflammatory immune response mediates bone destruction. However, the …

Membrane vesicles are the nano-sized vesicles originating from membranes. The
production of membrane vesicles is a common feature among bacteria. Depending on the …

Maintaining fitness during pathogen infection is vital for host survival as an excessive
response can be as detrimental as the infection itself. Fitness costs are frequently associated …