Decades of research have identified genetic factors and biochemical pathways involved in
neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). We present evidence for the following eight hallmarks …

The brain has almost no energy reserve, but its activity coordinates organismal function, a
burden that requires precise coupling between neurotransmission and energy metabolism …

Mitochondria play a pivotal role in bioenergetics and respiratory functions, which are
essential for the numerous biochemical processes underpinning cell viability. Mitochondrial …

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. Cellular homeostasis of
glutamate is of paramount importance for normal brain function and relies on an intricate …

Astrocytes provide key neuronal support, and their phenotypic transformation is implicated in
neurodegenerative diseases. Metabolically, astrocytes possess low mitochondrial oxidative …

Under normal physiological conditions the brain primarily utilizes glucose for ATP
generation. However, in situations where glucose is sparse, eg, during prolonged fasting …

Astrocytes contribute to the complex cellular pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Neurons and astrocytes function in close collaboration through neurotransmitter recycling …

Importance Trends in type 2 diabetes show an increase in prevalence along with younger
age of onset. While vascular complications of early-onset type 2 diabetes are known, the …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age‐associated neurodegenerative disorder with
multifactorial etiology, intersecting genetic and environmental risk factors, and a lack of …

Increasing evidence suggests that abnormal cerebral glucose metabolism is largely present
in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The brain utilizes glucose as its main energy source and a …