This critical and reflective literature review examines international research published over
the last decade to summarise the different kinds of measures that have been used to explore …

Introduction: Monitoring the learning process usually involves an analysis of the higher
mental functions of the student: imagination, memory, thinking, attention, etc. Currently, there …

Spatial cognition is related to academic achievement in science, technology, engineering,
and mathematics (STEM) domains. Neuroimaging studies suggest that brain regions' …

Although the neural basis underlying visuospatial reasoning has been widely explored by
neuroimaging techniques, the brain activation patterns during naturalistic visuospatial …

Recent neuroimaging studies have implicated prefrontal and parietal cortices for
mathematical problem solving. Mental arithmetic tasks have been used extensively to study …

Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) enables investigation of hemodynamics and
cortical activation in lab and field settings. Studies utilizing fNIRS in realistic complex …

The human capability to learn new motor skills depends on the efficient engagement of
cognitive-motor resources, as reflected by mental workload, and psychological mechanisms …

Spatial cognition plays a crucial role in academic achievement, particularly in science,
technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) domains. Immersive virtual environments …

Cognition and emotion are intertwined structures. Emotions experienced by all stakeholders
in the educational environment affect cognitive processes, learning and teaching …

Working memory training is seen as an effective tool for enhancing performance during a
variety of high level cognitive tasks for different groups such as children, older people, and …