Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are abundant in tumor tissues, raising a question of whether
immunosuppressive tumor-infiltrating Tregs (TI-Tregs) can be selectively depleted or …

T cell engineering has changed the landscape of cancer immunotherapy. Chimeric antigen
receptor T cells have demonstrated a remarkable efficacy in the treatment of B cell …

The metabolic stress occurring in the tumor microenvironment (TME) hampers T cell anti-
tumor immunity by disturbing T cell metabolic and epigenetic programs. Recent studies are …

Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are considered crucial in anti-tumour immunity.
Accordingly, the presence of TILs contains prognostic and predictive value. In 2011, we …

Cytokines are secreted or membrane-presented molecules that mediate broad cellular
functions, including development, differentiation, growth and survival. Accordingly, the …

Cancers undergo sequential changes to proton (H+) concentration and sensing that are
consequences of the disease and facilitate its further progression. The impact of protonation …

CD8+ T cells are key antiviral effectors against hepatitis B virus (HBV), yet their number and
function can be compromised in chronic infections. Preclinical HBV models displaying CD8+ …

Abstract pH is tightly maintained at cellular, tissue, and systemic levels, and altered pH–
particularly in the acidic range–is associated with infection, injury, solid tumors, and …

The therapeutic potential of interleukin (IL)-2 in cancer treatment has been known for
decades, yet its widespread adoption in clinical practice remains limited. Recently, chimeric …

Although immunotherapy is relatively effective in treating hematological malignancies, their
efficacy against solid tumors is still suboptimal or even noneffective presently. Compared to …