Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signalling pathways that
regulate a wide variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation …

The visual/β-arrestins, a small family of proteins originally described for their role in the
desensitization and intracellular trafficking of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), have …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, autoimmune disorder, predominantly
symmetric, which causes joint inflammation, cartilage degeneration and bone erosion …

Dual‐specificity MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs) provide a complex negative regulatory
network that acts to shape the duration, magnitude and spatiotemporal profile of MAP kinase …

The extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK) are central signaling components that
regulate stimulated cellular processes such as proliferation and differentiation. When …

Major depressive disorder is a chronic debilitating mental illness. Its pathophysiology at
cellular and molecular levels is incompletely understood. Increasing evidence supports a …

DUSPs (dual-specificity phosphatases) are a heterogeneous group of protein phosphatases
that can dephosphorylate both phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine/phosphothreonine …

PP2C-type protein phosphatases are monomeric enzymes present in both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes. Members of this family of phosphoprotein phosphatases are involved in the …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which imbalances in pro-and
anti-inflammatory cytokines promote the induction of autoimmunity, inflammation and joint …

Many drugs of abuse exert their addictive effects by increasing extracellular dopamine in the
nucleus accumbens, where they likely alter the plasticity of corticostriatal glutamatergic …