Animals have sophisticated mechanisms for coping with danger. Freezing is a unique state
that, upon threat detection, allows evidence to be gathered, response possibilities to be …

Upon increasing levels of threat, animals activate qualitatively different defensive modes,
including freezing and active fight-or-flight reactions. Whereas freezing is a form of …

Decades of research has identified the brain areas that are involved in fear, fear extinction,
anxiety and related defensive behaviours. Newly developed genetic and viral tools …

Survival in threatening situations depends on the selection and rapid execution of an
appropriate active or passive defensive response, yet the underlying brain circuitry is not …

Evolution has endowed all humans with a continuum of innate, hard-wired, automatically
activated defense behaviors, termed the defense cascade. Arousal is the first step in …

Fear and anxiety are brain states that evolved to mediate defensive responses to threats.
The defense reaction includes multiple interacting behavioral, autonomic and endocrine …

Freezing is widely used as the main outcome measure for fear in animal studies. Freezing is
also getting attention more frequently in human stress research, as it is considered to play …

The cerebellum is involved in many motor, autonomic and cognitive functions, and new
tasks that have a cerebellar contribution are discovered on a regular basis. Simultaneously …

In the last century, the paradigm of fear conditioning has greatly evolved in a variety of
scientific fields. The techniques, protocols, and analysis methods now most used have …

Infrared thermography was used to image changes in cutaneous temperature during a
conditioned fear response to context. Changes in heart rate, arterial pressure, activity and …