Apoptosis is a sequential order of cell death occurring regularly to ensure a homeostatic
balance between the rate of cell formation and cell death. However, a misplaced of this …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common form of idiopathic interstitial
pneumonia, is a progressive, irreversible, and typically lethal disease characterized by an …

Numerous genetic and environmental insults impede the ability of cells to properly fold and
posttranslationally modify secretory and transmembrane proteins in the endoplasmic …

The accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) represents a
cellular stress induced by multiple stimuli and pathological conditions. These include …

Disturbances in the normal functions of the ER lead to an evolutionarily conserved cell
stress response, the unfolded protein response, which is aimed initially at compensating for …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with development and progression of
fibrotic diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). ER stress was first implicated …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as an intracellular Ca2+ store not only sets up cytosolic
Ca2+ signals, but, among other functions, also assembles and folds newly synthesized …

Acrolein is a typical food and environmental pollutant and a risk factor for diabetes. The
primary pathogenesis of diabetes is insulin deficiency and resistance. Ferroptosis is an iron …

Cells respond to protein-damaging (proteotoxic) stress by activation of the Heat Shock
Response (HSR). The HSR provides cells with an enhanced ability to endure proteotoxic …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle required for lipid biosynthesis,
calcium storage, and protein folding and processing. A number of physiological and …