The COVID-19 outbreak has fueled a global demand for effective diagnosis and treatment
as well as mitigation of the spread of infection, all through large-scale approaches such as …

Vaccination is still the most cost-effective way to combat infectious illnesses. Conventional
vaccinations may have low immunogenicity and, in most situations, only provide partial …

Protein-based therapeutics are an attractive alternative to established therapeutic
approaches and represent one of the fastest growing families of drugs. While many of these …

Nanomedicine is a relatively new and rapidly evolving field combining nanotechnology with
the biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. 1–3 Nanoparticles (NPs) can impart many …

Metallic alloy nanoparticles are synthesized by combining two or more different metals.
Bimetallic or trimetallic nanoparticles are considered more effective than monometallic …

The respiratory mucosa is the primary portal of entry for numerous viruses such as the
respiratory syncytial virus, the influenza virus and the parainfluenza virus. These pathogens …

The immune system is involved in the initiation and progression of cancer. Research on
cancer and immunity has contributed to the development of several clinically successful …

Cancer immunotherapy is quickly growing to be the fourth most important cancer therapy,
after surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Immunotherapy is the most promising …

Introduction Vaccination is so far the most effective way of eradicating infections. Rapidly
emerging drug resistance against infectious diseases and chemotherapy-related toxicities in …

In spite of the progress of conventional vaccines, improvements are required due to
concerns about the low immunogenicity of the toxicity, instability, and the need for multiple …