The study of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is rapidly progressing in many aspects. Novel
BoNTs are being discovered owing to next generation sequencing, but their biologic and …

Since its initial approval in 1989 by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of
blepharospasm and other facial spasms, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has evolved into a …

The 90-kDa molecular chaperone family (which comprises, among other proteins, the 90-
kDa heat-shock protein, hsp90 and the 94-kDa glucose-regulated protein, grp94, major …

The seven serotypes of botulinum toxin (BTX) produced by Clostridium botulinum exert their
paralytic effect by inhabiting acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. Each of …

Objective: To perform an evidence-based review of the safety and efficacy of botulinum
neurotoxin (BoNT) in the treatment of movement disorders. Methods: A literature search was …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) can be injected to achieve therapeutic benefit across a large
range of clinical conditions. To assess the efficacy and safety of BoNT injections for the …

Botulinum toxin type A is an important therapeutic agent for the treatment of movement and
other disorders. As the clinical uses of botulinum toxin type A expand, it is increasingly …

Recent advances in rehabilitation | The BMJ Skip to main content Intended for healthcare
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Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is a potent neurotoxin that is produced by the gram-positive, spore-
forming, anaerobic bacterium, Clostridum botulinum. There are 7 known immunologically …

Many rating scales have been applied to the evaluation of dystonia, but only few have been
assessed for clinimetric properties. The Movement Disorders Society commissioned this task …