The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the world
is still expanding. Thus, there is an urgent need to better understand this novel virus and find …

Cytokine storm is a general term applied to maladaptive cytokine release in response to
infection and other stimuli. The pathogenesis is complex but includes loss of regulatory …

The immune system protects the host from pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi,
parasites). To deal with this array of threats, the immune system has evolved to include a …

The lungs are constantly exposed to inhaled debris, allergens, pollutants, commensal or
pathogenic microorganisms, and respiratory viruses. As a result, innate and adaptive …

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel human
coronavirus causing the pandemic of severe pneumonia (Coronavirus Disease 2019 …

The comparison of the immunological state of pregnancy to an immunosuppressed host–
graft model continues to lead research and clinical practice to ill-defined approaches. This …

SARS‐CoV‐2 is a novel human coronavirus responsible for the Coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID‐19) pandemic. Pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome are the major …

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that lack antigen-specific rearranged
receptors, a hallmark of adaptive lymphocytes. In some people infected with human …

To effectively build on the recent successes of immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive T cell
therapy and cancer vaccines, it is critical to rationally design combination strategies that will …

Type I interferon (IFNα/β) pathways are fine-tuned to elicit antiviral protection while
minimizing immunopathology; however, the initiating stimuli, target tissues, and underlying …